19^th International Conference and Exhibition on Materials Science and Chemistry March 26-27, 2021 London, UK

Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering, and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological tissues. Tissue engineering evolved from the field of biomaterials development and refers to the practice of combining scaffolds, cells, and biologically active molecules into functional tissues. Nanocomposites are used as three-dimensional nano-fibril structures called scaffolds that function as biological media to support cell proliferation and differentiation in regenerative medicine. In the near future, 3D tissue-engineered models are expected to become useful tools in the preliminary testing and screening of drugs and therapies and in the investigation of the molecular mechanisms underpinning disease onset and progression.

Major advances and innovations are being made in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine and have a huge impact on three-dimensional 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Several factors such as the biomaterial to be used and the cellular source must be considered during tissue or graft manufacture.

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A range of synthetic nanoparticles such as hydroxyapatite, bioglass, titanium, zirconia, and silver nanoparticles are proposed for dental restoration. Reconstructive dental nanorobots are able to selectively and precisely block dentinal tubules, offering a quick and permanent cure. These nanorobots travel toward the dental pulp via the dentinal tubules. Nanodentistry has evolved as a new science of nanotechnology that helps in diagnosing, treating, preventing oral and dental disease, and improving dental health by using nanomaterials. The major field of application of microscopy and nanotechnology to dentistry is in the characterization and fabrication of dental restorative composites, both in surface morphology and elastic properties.

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Optical fibres are widely used to convey light from metre-to-kilometre distances. Optical fibres are traditionally made of silica and can transmit light in the visible and near-IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum because of the low attenuation of the material in this range. Synthesis, characterisation and theoretical understanding of materials and nanostructures, that emits or interacts with electromagnetic radiation or quasiparticles with similar characteristics. This research area covers dielectric and semiconductor materials, metamaterials, plasmonic materials and light-emitting materials. Research based on applications using photonic materials  is covered by other research areas. Photonics can be regarded as one of the key enabling technologies, and it is commonly combined with micro- and nanoelectronics, biotechnology or nanotechnology. The field of photonic materials is extremely broad, including subfields of well-established glass and semiconductor materials, polymer materials, tailored nanoand metamaterials, and emerging synthetic biophotonic materials. The fabrication technologies play a crucial role in the development of new photonic materials and devices. Another important direction for future photonics applications is the development of materials compatible with the standard CMOS technology that underpins the fabrication of modern integrated circuits.

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A solid is a material in the solid state. Solid state chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the representation of the structure, properties and applications, for example in mineralogy and crystallography, metallurgy and in the Materials Sciences of these substances. The focus of solid state chemistry will be placed on the consideration of inorganic, crystalline and non-molecular solids, which differ in their reactions, properties and behaviour of liquid and gaseous chemical systems.

Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter or solids, through methods such as quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy. It is the largest branch of condensed matter physics. Solid-state physics studies how the large-scale properties of solid materials result from their atomic-scale properties.

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Crystallization is used at some stage in nearly all process industries as a method of production, purification or recovery of solid materials. Development of crystallization processes represents a complex and challenging issue, requiring simultaneous control of various product properties, including purity, crystal size and shape, and molecular level solid structure. Crystallization is defined as a process by which a chemical is converted from a liquid solution into a solid crystalline state.

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Organic Materials Chemistry is a major area of research which leads to the development of advanced organic and polymeric materials by investigating into the process of synthesis, processing, control, characterization and establishment of the structural properties relationship among these materials. Functional properties were studied and related structural applications will be considered to play a key role. Nomenclature to the compounds was given based on the chemical structure and isomerism was observed in relation to the radical displacement of atoms within the structures. Structural chemistry involves the determination of structure of compounds using various instrumental techniques and the derivation of desired results by having a detailed study of the conclusions drawn during the process of analysis. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are materials in which metal-to-organic ligand interactions yield porous coordination networks with record-setting surface areas surpassing activated carbons and zeolites. De-localization of orbitals within the complex substances form conjugated systems of materials which lead to the derivation of chromophores used in synthetic processes. Diamond and carbon materials are widely used in the applications of organic synthesis from novel materials.

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Inorganic Materials Chemistry includes the study of elements with either metallic or non-metallic properties. Most of the elements are metallic for example alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals and so on. The category of non-metallic elements mainly contains elements which are gaseous in nature like hydrogen, oxygen and so on including noble gases. These all were segregated to produce new inorganic compounds based on the particular process of synthesis. Inorganic nanotubes have a composition of metal oxides which are morphologically similar to a carbon nanotube. Existence of substance in more than one crystalline form is polymorphism whereas existence of an element into more than one physical form is allotropy. Superconducting materials are some of the most powerful electromagnets known. They are used in MRI/NMR machines, mass spectrometers, and beam-steering magnets used in particle accelerators. Stoichiometric analysis of materials deals with the relative quantities of reactants and products of a chemical reaction whereas gravimetric analysis deals with the relative properties of reactants and products. Zeolites are aluminosilicate and microporous minerals which are used as catalysts in the most of the chemical reactions.

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The effects of ultrasound induce certain physical changes like the dispersal of fillers and other components into base polymers (as in the formulation of paints), the encapsulation of inorganic supplements with polymers, changing of particle size in polymer powders, and most important is the welding and cutting of thermoplastics. In contrast, chemical changes can also be created during ultrasonic irradiation as a result of cavitation, and these effects have been used to favour many areas of polymer chemistry. In materials science, the sol-gel conversion is a method for producing solid materials from small molecules. This method is used for the fabrication of metal oxides particularly the oxides of silicon and titanium. The process involves conversion of monomers into a colloidal solution (sol) that acts as the precursor for an integrated network (or gel) of either discrete particles or network polymers. Important precursors are metal alkoxides. Polymers produced under sonication had narrower poly dispersities but higher molecular weights than those produced under normal conditions. The fastness of the polymerization was caused by more efficient dispersion of the catalyst throughout the monomer, leading to a more homogeneous reaction and hence a lower distribution of chain lengths. The electrical and magnetic phenomena alter the properties of materials for better prospective in manufacturing. Plastic fabrication is the design, manufacture and assembly of plastic products through one of a number of methods.

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Polymer chemistry is a multidisciplinary science that deals with the chemical synthesis and chemical properties of polymers which were considered as macromolecules. Polymers describe the bulk properties of polymer materials and belong to the field of polymer physics as a subfield of physics. Polymers are of two types-natural ( e.g., rubber, amber ), synthetic ( e.g., polyethylene, nylon, PVC ). Polymerization is the process of combining many small molecules known as monomers into a covalently bonded chain or network. General methods of synthesis include Biological synthesis and modification of natural polymers. Laboratory research is generally divided into two categories, step-growth polymerization and chain-growth polymerization. Polymers are characterized by the presence of monomer units and microstructures and they can be determined by means of many lab techniques. Surface functionalization of a polymer structure is the key component of a coating formulation allowing control over such properties as dispersion, film formation temperature, and the coating rheology. The association of other additives, such as thickeners with adsorbed polymer material give rise to complex rheological behaviour and excellent control over a coating's flow properties.

Polymer blends are members of a class of materials analogous to metal alloys, in which at least two polymers are blended together to create a new material with different physical properties. A polymer alloy includes multiphase copolymers but excludes incompatible polymer blends. These materials combine high modulus, heat resistance and impact strength in addition to flame retardant. Polymer processing is done by extrusion and injection moulding; other processes include calendering, compression. Polymer testing capabilities include advanced trace chemical analysis, diverse analytical capabilities and identification of chemicals composition, unknown materials and chemical contamination. It is used to identify fundamental structural information including molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and information on branching. Polymers are manufactured under pressured conditions, pressureless conditions and so on.

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Various techniques related to the synthesis of materials to form useful chemical substances constitute the field of analytical study. Instrumental analysis mainly helps us to know the assessment of purity, their chemical composition, structure and function. Analysis of chemical compounds was done to produce results for “what chemicals are present, what are their characteristics and in what quantities are they present?” Basic methods rely on important factors like sample preparation, accuracy, precision and cleanliness. Calibration curves help in the calculation of proper quantities of sample used and also detect the synthesized novel compounds. Certain equipment like electron microscopes, spectrometers, diffractive instruments and so on was employed in the analytical process of a particular synthesis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) helps in microstructural analysis, fault diagnosis, imaging and elemental analysis of solid materials. Microscopes mostly deal with the same kind of characteristics during the process of synthesis. Mass spectrometer will be majorly availed to detect the masses of individual species within a sample. X-ray diffraction (XRD) deals with the mineralogical analysis of solid materials for phase determination. Rutherford backscattering (RBS) is the major instrument used in the analysis related to the field of materials science and chemistry.

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Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted much attention in the past decade. They have high specific surface area and also electronic engineering and properties that differ from their bulk counterparts due to the low dimensionality. Graphene is the best known and the most studied 2D material, but metal oxides and hydroxides (including clays), dichalcogenides, boron nitride (BN), and other materials that are one or several atoms thick are receiving increasing attention. They exhibit a combination of properties that cannot be provided by other materials. Many two-dimensional materials are synthesized by selective extraction process which is critically important when the bonds between the building blocks of the material are too strong (e.g., in carbides) to be broken mechanically in order to form Nano structures. These have a thickness of a few nanometres or less. Electrons are free to move in the two-dimensional plane, but their restricted motion in the third direction is governed by quantum mechanics. Magnetic topological insulator comprised of two-dimensional (2-D) materials has a potential of providing many interests  and applications by manipulating the surfaces states like yielding quantum anomalous Hall effect giving rise to dissipation-less chiral edge current, giving axion electromagnetism and others. The chemistry of electrical, optical, thermal and mechanical properties varies in a peculiar style and these materials are applied widely in case of ambipolar electronics, transistors and so on.

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